Choosing a sex toy shouldn't feel like navigating a minefield of confusing labels and vague claims. You've probably seen terms like "body-safe," "medical-grade," or "phthalate-free" and wondered what they actually mean—or if they mean anything at all. The truth is, safer materials exist, they're easier to identify than you might think, and understanding the basics protects both your pleasure and your health.

This guide cuts through the marketing noise with practical, research-backed information about which materials are safest, how to spot quality toys, and what proper care looks like. By the end, you'll confidently choose toys that work for your body, your lifestyle, and your peace of mind.

Why Material Safety Matters

Your body's intimate areas—vaginal and anal tissue—have unique characteristics that make material choice important. These tissues are more permeable than external skin, meaning they can absorb substances more readily. They're also home to delicate bacterial ecosystems that maintain health through careful balance.

According to research published in the Journal of Sexual Medicine, nonporous materials are significantly easier to disinfect and present lower infection risk than porous alternatives.¹ Porous surfaces contain microscopic holes that can trap bodily fluids, lubricant residue, and bacteria—even after washing. Over time, this creates an environment where microbes can multiply.

For people who share toys or use them both anally and vaginally (even at different times), material safety becomes even more critical. A study in PLOS ONE found that certain pathogens, including HPV, can persist on toy surfaces even after standard cleaning protocols.² While condoms and thorough cleaning reduce transmission risk, they don't eliminate it entirely with porous materials.

Beyond infection concerns, some materials degrade over time, potentially leaching unknown chemicals or developing surface breakdown that causes irritation. For people with sensitive skin, allergies, or conditions like vulvodynia or interstitial cystitis, choosing stable, biocompatible materials can prevent unnecessary discomfort.

The good news: Safer materials exist, they're widely available, and they often provide better performance and longevity than cheaper alternatives. Understanding the basics empowers you to make choices that prioritize both pleasure and wellbeing. Resources like Planned Parenthood's sex toy safety guide emphasize the importance of choosing nonporous materials for easier hygiene.

Porous vs. Nonporous: The Key Concept

Understanding porosity is the single most important concept in sex toy material safety. Once you grasp this, everything else falls into place.

What "Porous" Means

Porous materials have microscopic holes or pores in their surface structure—think of a sponge at the molecular level. These tiny spaces can trap moisture, bacteria, bodily fluids, and lubricant residue. No amount of surface cleaning can reach deep into these pores, which means porous toys cannot be fully sterilized.

Common porous materials include TPE (thermoplastic elastomer), TPR (thermoplastic rubber), PVC, vinyl, jelly rubber, and latex. Even after thorough washing, these materials may harbor microorganisms that can cause infections or unpleasant odors.

What "Nonporous" Means

Nonporous materials have smooth, sealed surfaces at the molecular level with no microscopic holes. Bacteria and fluids sit on top of the surface rather than penetrating it, making these materials easy to clean thoroughly and—in many cases—fully sterilize.

Nonporous materials include 100% platinum-cured silicone, borosilicate glass, stainless steel, anodized aluminum, glazed ceramic, and hard ABS plastic (when undamaged).

Real-Life Implications of Porosity

Material-by-Material Safety Guide

Let's break down the most common sex toy materials with practical guidance for each. We'll cover what they are, safety considerations, cleaning methods, and what to watch for.

100% Silicone (Platinum-Cured or Medical-Grade)

What it is: Silicone polymers cured using a platinum catalyst, creating a stable, nonporous, biocompatible material. This is the gold standard for insertable sex toys.

Porous? No—when it's 100% pure platinum-cured silicone.

Best for: Dildos, insertable vibrators, plugs, rings, strap-on toys, anything that goes inside the body.

Pros:

• Hypoallergenic and biocompatible
• Can withstand boiling for sterilization (non-motorized toys)
• Doesn't degrade, stain, or retain odors with proper care
• Available in varying firmness levels
• Long lifespan (years to decades)
• Compatible with water-based and some oil-based lubes

Watch-outs:

• "Silicone blend" or vague "silicone" claims may indicate porous mixtures with TPE or other elastomers
• Demand clear disclosure: "100% platinum-cured silicone" or "medical-grade silicone"
• Silicone lube can degrade silicone toys over time (see lube compatibility section)
• Can react with other silicone toys if stored touching—keep separated

Cleaning: Wash with warm water and mild soap or toy cleaner. Non-motorized toys can be boiled for 3-5 minutes or wiped with 10% bleach solution (rinse thoroughly). Air-dry completely.

Replace when: Surface becomes sticky/tacky (indicates silicone degradation), develops cracks or tears, or shows permanent discoloration. Quality silicone should last 5+ years.

TPE / TPR (Thermoplastic Elastomer / Thermoplastic Rubber)

What it is: Soft, flexible plastic-rubber blends designed to mimic the "skin-like" feel of silicone at lower cost. Popular in realistic toys and strokers.

Porous? Yes—TPE and TPR are porous materials.

Best for: Budget-friendly toys, realistic textures, strokers. Use with caution for insertables.

Pros:

• Soft, realistic texture
• More affordable than silicone
• Available in diverse designs
• Latex-free (good for latex allergies)

Watch-outs:

• Cannot be fully sterilized due to porosity
• May absorb odors, stains, and bacteria over time
• Some TPE/TPR contains phthalates or other additives—reputable brands disclose this
• Surface can become sticky or degraded faster than silicone
• Higher infection risk if shared or used for anal play without condoms

Hygiene best practices: According to guidance from University of Rochester health services, TPE/TPR toys should be used with condom barriers when possible, especially for anal use or toy sharing.

Cleaning: Wash gently with warm water and mild soap immediately after use. Pat dry thoroughly. Avoid harsh cleaners that can degrade the material faster. Do not boil.

Replace when: Surface becomes sticky, develops persistent odor, shows discoloration, or after 6-12 months of regular use—whichever comes first.

PVC / Vinyl / "Jelly Rubber"

What it is: Soft, gel-like materials often found in budget toys. The term "jelly" typically indicates PVC (polyvinyl chloride) softened with chemical plasticizers.

Porous? Yes—highly porous.

Best for: External use only if you must use them; preferably avoid for insertables.

Pros:

• Very inexpensive
• Widely available
• Soft and flexible

Watch-outs:

• Often contains phthalates (plasticizers) or other additives with unknown safety profiles
• Strong chemical smell ("new shower curtain" odor) indicates off-gassing
• Very porous—harbors bacteria effectively
• Degrades quickly, becoming sticky or slimy
• Cannot be sanitized
• Higher irritation reports from users with sensitive skin

Educational resources from Brown University's health services note concerns about rubber and vinyl toys due to unknown additives and phthalate content. If you choose these materials despite the risks, use condom barriers and replace frequently.

Cleaning: Surface wash only with mild soap; material degrades quickly.

Replace when: Surface becomes sticky, smells persist after washing, or after 3-6 months—whichever comes first. Strong initial odor that doesn't dissipate after airing out is a red flag.

ABS Plastic (Hard Plastic)

What it is: Rigid, durable plastic commonly used in vibrator shells, bullet vibes, and non-insertable components.

Porous? No—when surface is intact and undamaged.

Best for: Vibrator casings, non-insertable toys, toys with removable silicone sleeves.

Pros:

• Nonporous and easy to clean
• Durable and long-lasting
• Compatible with all lubricant types
• Hypoallergenic
• Affordable

Watch-outs:

• Deep scratches or cracks make surface porous—inspect regularly
• Rigid material isn't ideal for insertables (comfort concerns)
• Can crack if dropped on hard surfaces

Cleaning: Wash with warm soapy water or toy cleaner. Avoid submerging electronic components. Dry thoroughly.

Replace when: Deep scratches, cracks, or chips appear. Damaged ABS becomes porous.

Borosilicate Glass

What it is: Laboratory-grade glass designed to withstand temperature changes. Used for smooth, firm dildos and plugs.

Porous? No—completely nonporous.

Best for: Dildos, plugs, temperature play, people seeking firm pressure and smooth glide.

Pros:

• Fully nonporous and easy to sterilize
• Can be heated or cooled for temperature play
• Compatible with all lubricant types
• Hypoallergenic and won't degrade
• Visually beautiful designs available
• Virtually unlimited lifespan

Watch-outs:

• Can break if dropped on hard surfaces (though high-quality borosilicate is very durable)
• Always inspect for chips or cracks before use
• Firm material isn't suitable for everyone's anatomy
• Buy from reputable manufacturers—cheap glass may not be borosilicate

Cleaning: Wash with soap and water or boil for 10 minutes. Can be cleaned in top rack of dishwasher (no soap). 10% bleach solution works for sterilization.

Replace when: Any chips, cracks, or surface damage appear. Never use damaged glass toys.

Shop quality glass toys: Glass Dildos Collection | Glass Anal Toys Collection

Stainless Steel (316 / 316L)

What it is: Medical-grade stainless steel alloy resistant to corrosion and safe for body contact. Used for plugs, dildos, anal hooks, and kegel exercisers.

Porous? No—completely nonporous.

Best for: Anal plugs, firm dildos, temperature play, kegel exercisers, anyone seeking durable luxury toys.

Pros:

• Extremely durable—virtually indestructible
• Easy to sterilize (boil or autoclave)
• Temperature play friendly
• Compatible with all lubricant types
• Hypoallergenic
• Heavy weight provides unique sensations
• Lifetime material (can be passed down or resold)

Watch-outs:

• Firm and heavy—not suitable for all anatomies or preferences
• Can be expensive
• Cold to the touch initially (warm under water if desired)
• Weight makes extended wear challenging for some users

Cleaning: Wash with soap and water or boil for 10 minutes. Dishwasher safe. Can be wiped with 10% bleach solution.

Replace when: Never, if quality 316/316L steel. Inspect welds and joints occasionally, but material doesn't degrade.

Explore steel toys: Metal Anal Toys | Anal Hooks Collection

Aluminum (Anodized), Ceramic, Stone, Wood (Sealed)

What they are: Specialty materials used in artisan or luxury toys.

Porous? No—when properly finished/sealed.

Best for: Collectors, luxury toy enthusiasts, people seeking unique aesthetics or temperature play.

Pros:

• Beautiful, artistic designs
• Nonporous when properly sealed
• Durable (when handled carefully)
• Unique sensations

Watch-outs:

• Aluminum: Must be anodized for body safety; inspect for chips in anodized coating
• Ceramic: Must be fully glazed; unglazed ceramic is porous
• Stone (jade, quartz, etc.): Verify smooth polish with no cracks; porous if unfinished
• Wood: Must have body-safe sealed finish; bare wood is porous and harbors bacteria
• All can chip or crack—inspect before each use

Cleaning: Wash with mild soap and water. Avoid abrasive cleaners that can damage finishes. Do not boil wood or ceramic.

Replace when: Coating chips, finish cracks, or surface damage appears.

Latex / Rubber (Natural Rubber)

What it is: Natural rubber material, sometimes used in older toys, dental dams, or specialty items.

Porous? Yes—latex is porous.

Best for: External toys, dental dams, people without latex allergies.

Pros:

• Stretchy and flexible
• Traditional material for some toy types

Watch-outs:

• Latex allergies are common: Can cause itching, rash, swelling, or severe allergic reactions
• Porous—cannot be fully sterilized
• Incompatible with oil-based lubricants (degrades latex)
• Retains odors and can degrade over time

Cleaning: Mild soap and water only. Air-dry completely. Use condom barriers to extend lifespan.

Replace when: Surface becomes sticky, develops persistent smell, or shows signs of breakdown. If you experience any allergic symptoms, discontinue use immediately.

Decoding Labels: "Body-Safe," "Medical-Grade," "FDA-Approved"

Marketing language in the sex toy industry can be confusing and sometimes misleading. Let's clarify what common terms actually mean—and what they don't.

"Body-Safe"

What it claims: The product is safe for body contact and internal use.

The reality: "Body-safe" has no legal definition or regulatory oversight in the sex toy industry. Any manufacturer can use this term without verification. It's more of a marketing phrase than a certification.

What to do instead: Look for specific material disclosure—"100% platinum-cured silicone," "borosilicate glass," "316 stainless steel," etc. If a manufacturer won't tell you exactly what the toy is made from, be skeptical.

"Medical-Grade" or "Medical-Grade Silicone"

What it claims: The material meets medical device standards for biocompatibility.

The reality: While medical-grade silicone does exist and refers to materials that meet biocompatibility standards (such as ISO 10993),⁵ most consumer sex toys aren't independently tested or certified to these standards. The FDA does not regulate most sex toys,⁶ and manufacturers can use "medical-grade" without third-party verification.

What to do instead: Treat "medical-grade silicone" as a signal that the manufacturer is using platinum-cured silicone, but verify: Does the company disclose the full material? Do they provide care instructions? Do they have a reputation for transparency?

"FDA-Approved"

What it claims: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved this product.

The reality: The FDA does not approve consumer sex toys. According to WebMD, sex toys fall into a regulatory gray area where the FDA doesn't actively regulate products marketed purely for sexual pleasure (as opposed to medical devices).

What to do instead: Ignore "FDA-approved" claims on sex toys—they're false. Focus on material safety, manufacturer transparency, and third-party testing certifications if available.

"Phthalate-Free"

What it claims: The product doesn't contain phthalates (chemical plasticizers).

The reality: This is a verifiable claim when backed by lab testing, but manufacturers aren't required to test or prove it. Phthalates are primarily a concern in soft PVC and jelly rubber toys.

What to do instead: Choose nonporous materials (silicone, glass, steel) that inherently don't require phthalate plasticizers. If choosing TPE/TPR, look for manufacturers who publish third-party lab test results confirming phthalate-free status.

What to Look For Instead

Chemicals & Compliance: Phthalates, Prop 65 Context

You may have encountered warnings about phthalates or seen California Proposition 65 labels on toy packaging. Here's what these mean and why they matter.

What Are Phthalates?

Phthalates are a group of chemical plasticizers used to soften rigid plastics like PVC, creating the flexible, jelly-like texture found in many budget toys. According to California Proposition 65, certain phthalates are listed as chemicals known to the state to cause reproductive harm.⁷

Common phthalates flagged by regulators include DEHP, DBP, BBP, DINP, DIDP, and DnOP. While research on direct harm from sex toy use is limited, regulatory bodies have restricted phthalates in children's products due to potential health concerns.⁸

The Children's Product Context

The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) prohibits certain phthalates in children's toys and childcare products. This doesn't directly regulate adult sex toys, but it provides context for why reputable manufacturers avoid phthalates even when not legally required to do so.

California Proposition 65

Prop 65 requires businesses to provide warnings about significant exposures to chemicals that cause cancer, birth defects, or reproductive harm. Phthalates are among the listed chemicals. If you see a Prop 65 warning on a sex toy, it indicates the product may contain listed chemicals above certain thresholds.

Practical takeaway: While Prop 65 warnings are informational (not prohibitions), they signal that the product contains flagged chemicals. This is your cue to choose phthalate-free alternatives.

How to Avoid Phthalates

Cleaning & Storage by Material

Proper cleaning extends toy lifespan, reduces infection risk, and keeps materials in optimal condition. Different materials require different approaches. For detailed guidance, consult resources like SELF's comprehensive cleaning guide.

Universal Rules for All Toys

• Clean before first use (manufacturing residue may be present)
• Clean after every use (bodily fluids harbor bacteria)
• Dry completely before storage (moisture promotes bacterial growth)
• Store separately (materials can react; silicone especially)
• Never submerge non-waterproof electronics (clean exterior only)

Cleaning Matrix by Material

Recommended cleaning products: Browse our toy cleaner collection for pH-balanced, body-safe formulas.

Toy Sharing & Cross-Contamination Prevention

Sharing toys between partners or using the same toy for both anal and vaginal penetration requires extra precautions. According to research published in PLOS ONE, certain viruses like HPV can persist on sex toy surfaces even after cleaning,² making barrier methods essential.

Best practices for sharing:

• Use condoms: Fresh barrier for each person or each body area
• Clean between uses: Even with condoms, wash toy exterior thoroughly
• Nonporous materials only: Never share porous toys (TPE, jelly) even with barriers—risk remains
• Dedicated toys per person: Safest approach for regular partners

Anal-to-vaginal use: Never move a toy from anal to vaginal use without complete cleaning and a fresh condom barrier—even if it's the same person. Anal bacteria cause vaginal infections. Best practice: use separate toys for each area.

Storage Best Practices

• Individual storage: Keep each toy in its own breathable fabric pouch or case
• Avoid plastic bags: These trap moisture and promote bacterial growth
• Separate silicone toys: Silicone can react with other silicone, causing surface degradation or pigment transfer
• Cool, dry location: Avoid direct sunlight, extreme temperatures, or humid environments
• Ensure complete dryness: Even slight moisture can lead to mold or bacterial growth

Lube Compatibility Guide

Choosing the right lubricant for your toy material protects both the toy and your body. As WIRED's materials guide emphasizes, clear material disclosure helps you make safer lube choices.

Water-Based Lube: The Universal Safe Choice

Compatible with: All toy materials (silicone, TPE, glass, steel, plastic, latex, everything)

Pros:

• Safe for all toys
• Easy cleanup (rinses away with water)
• Won't stain fabrics
• Won't degrade condoms or toy materials
• Absorbed naturally by the body

Cons:

• Dries out faster than silicone or oil-based lubes (reapply as needed)
• May contain glycerin (can contribute to yeast infections in sensitive individuals)

Best for: All toy types, especially silicone toys. Choose glycerin-free formulas if prone to yeast infections.

Shop water-based lubes: Water-Based Lubricant Collection | Anal Lubricants (thicker formulas)

Silicone-Based Lube: Use With Caution

Compatible with: Glass, steel, ABS plastic, TPE/TPR, latex (with caution)

NOT compatible with: Silicone toys (can cause surface degradation over time)

According to SELF's sex toy cleaning guide, silicone lube can degrade silicone toys, making water-based the safer default choice.

Pros:

• Long-lasting slickness (doesn't dry out)
• Great for water play (doesn't wash away)
• Hypoallergenic (no glycerin or other additives)

Cons:

• Can damage silicone toys
• Harder to clean up (requires soap)
• Stains fabrics

Patch-test rule: If you must use silicone lube with a silicone toy (some manufacturers claim compatibility), test on a small inconspicuous area first. Wait 24 hours to check for surface degradation or tackiness.

Oil-Based Lube: Limited Use Cases

Compatible with: Silicone, glass, steel, ceramic (non-latex scenarios only)

NOT compatible with: Latex condoms or latex toys (oil degrades latex)

Pros:

• Very long-lasting
• Natural options available (coconut oil, etc.)
• Good for massage + play transitions

Cons:

• Degrades latex condoms and toys
• Difficult cleanup (requires soap)
• Can disrupt vaginal pH or promote infections in some people
• Stains fabrics

Best for: Non-latex toy use when you need extreme longevity (anal play, extended sessions). Avoid if using condoms.

When to Replace a Sex Toy

Even the highest-quality materials eventually wear out. Knowing when to retire a toy protects your health and ensures optimal pleasure.

Replace Immediately If You See:

• Sticky or tacky surface: Indicates material breakdown (especially silicone, TPE, jelly)
• Cracks or tears: Creates porous areas that harbor bacteria; unsafe for internal use
• Deep scratches: Particularly in ABS plastic, glass, or ceramic—these become bacterial hiding spots
• Persistent odor: Won't wash away even after thorough cleaning; signals bacterial colonization in porous material
• Discoloration that won't clean: May indicate material degradation or deep staining
• Seams splitting: Exposes interior materials or creates bacterial traps
• Chips in glass, ceramic, or anodized coatings: Sharp edges risk injury; exposed materials may be porous

General Replacement Timeline by Material

Frequently Asked Questions